To
shake off the fetters of ordinariness, the leaden weight of routine,
and the slavery of convention, is to adopt the way of the traveller.
We talk here of the commercial migrants, the Indians who displaced
themselves or were displaced as they set out in search of new opportunities.
They have filled the annals of India's business history, these travellers.
They have set up corner shops in every corner of the world, from
Fiji to Kenya. They have seeded India and Indians with an energy
that subsumes its other myriad worries.
So it was when the Parsis landed in Gujarat,
surviving the loss of their Persian homeland to power Bombay's cotton
boom in the late 19th century. So it is today as thousands of dotcom
entrepreneurs survive the loss of their technological roosts to
offer a glum India their banks of energies. It is in our DNA, this
ability to excel in times of stress and displacement. The Indian
entrepreneur has always been a child of displacement and travel,
getting a foothold first and then becoming a support base for the
community that followed. The Parsis have always done that. So have
the Marwaris, they who fanned out across India from their desert
home in Rajasthan. As they did, they maintained organisations like
the Marwari Relief Society to assist their own. The old ties of
family and caste still bind our entrepreneurs, but as the globe-straddling
Indian tech support structure shows, globalisation will make Indian
entrepreneurial communities more inclusive than they ever were in
the past.
Some migrations were forced, some were voluntary.
Some had no choice, others travelled because opportunity called.
The Gujaratis followed the Parsis into Mumbai but they did so of
their own volition. So it has been with the Punjabis, the Keralites,
and host of others who displaced themselves or were displaced. Whatever.
The end result is the same.
Among the earliest travellers were the Nattukottai
Chettiars, whose entrepreneurial trail can be tracked from Chennai
to Burma, Malaya, Sri Lanka, and the Indo-China region in the 19th
century. The 20th century witnessed the largest migrations from
Indian soil. Indians left home in this period of time not just as
indentured labour and sepoys, but as doctors, law students and software
engineers. From Porbandar to Silicon Valley, from Bengal to London,
we know of doctors who became hotel magnates, petrol-station clerks
who became petrochemical tycoons-Swaraj Paul, L.N. Mittal and Srichand
P. Hinduja in the UK, Kanwal Rekhi, Sabeer Bhatia and Gururaj Deshpande
in Silicon Valley-the names roll on.
But it is now in the age of global opportunity
that the Indian traveller stands on the threshold of the greatest
opportunity yet. There are idols galore: people like Dhirubhai Ambani
and Karsanbhai Patel, who used opportunities within; and people
like N.R. Narayana Murthy who used opportunities without. As the
managing director of DSP Merrill Lynch, Shitin Desai, says: ''The
1990s have shown the Indian entrepreneur that there are huge local
and global opportunities in India.'' On the threshold of the golden
age of Indian entrepreneurism, the travellers journey got just that
much easier.
10 Entrepreneurs Who Changed
The Face Of Corporate India
1
Cowasjee Nanabhai Davar
The Inspiration To Invest
Davar inaugurated India's industrial revolution. In 1854, he
set up India's first steam-powered textile mill in Bombay. Capitalised
at Rs 5 lakh, the Bombay Spinning and Weaving Company paid a 10
per cent dividend for six years straight. Davar set the stage for
the safety of industrial capital in India. Galvanised by his example,
others too made industrial investments. Among them: the Wadias and
the Tatas.
2
Sir Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata
The Father Of India's Industrial Revolution
Tata was the first Indian to understand the significance of
the industrial revolution. At his swadeshi textile mill, he instituted
pension funds and accident compensation. He believed India's progress
hinged around steel, hydroelectric power, and technical education.
He inspired creation of the Indian Institute of Science-formerly
Tata Institute-in Bangalore. In 1900, when he was 60, he set up
Jamshedpur Steelworks after learning steel-making in Europe.
3
V.O. Chidambaram Pillai
The Steamships That Cried Freedom
Pillai was a nationalist who entered business to prove a point
as much as to make profits. His Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company
Ltd broke the monopoly of British shipping in coastal trade with
Ceylon. VOC, as he was popularly called, was a radical Congressman
who was arrested in March 1908 on charges of sedition. He was finally
released in 1912. Pillai inspired an entire generation of conservative
southerners to plunge into business.
4
Rai Bahadur Mohan Singh Oberoi
The Brown Sahib's Opportunity
In 1934 Oberoi mortgaged his wife's jewels while scratching
together Rs 20,000 to buy his British partner's stake in the Clarke's
Hotel, Simla. He put in money while the Brits pulled theirs out,
and a decade later, he was the first Indian to run a hotel chain.
In 1965, he opened the first five-star international hotel in India
in Delhi. Thirty-four hotels in seven countries later, Oberois was
the first real Indian multinational.
5
Henning Hock Larsen
The Dane Who Never Went Home
One of a small flock of Europeans who refused quit India, Larsen
and his partner Soren K. Toubro-both came here to set up a cement
plant for a British employer-set up a company in 1938 that became
India's pre-eminent engineering giant. Larsen knew independent India
offered much scope for his company and his skills. Worth Rs 5,400
crore today, Larsen's push to manufacture it all in India sparked
off an engineering boom that hasn't quit. From nuclear plants to
new expressways, Larsen's stamp on India is indelible.
6
Dr. Verghese Kurien
Father Of The Unlikely Entrepreneur
Dr Kurien created Operation Flood, the largest dairy development
program in the world. He made India the world's largest milk producer.
But most importantly, he put economic power in the hands of the
producers, all 10 million families at last count. The Kaira District
Cooperative Milk Producers' Union, or Amul as India knows the giant,
is modern and fleet enough to lord it over an array of multinational
competitors. Humble farmers, and cowherds-they all have a stake
in one of the world's best dairy operations.
7
Karsanbhai Khodidas Patel
The Power Of The Grassroots
Patel knew no marketing, had no management qualifications and
no collaborator, Indian or foreign, when he created the first Indian
brand to humble the best multinationals. The saga of this Gujarat
government chemist began with a 12-yard shed in his backyard in
1969. Worth Rs 2,440 crore today, Nirma's cut-price detergent shook
the likes of Lever. Patel, who speaks little English, inspired legions
of Davids to do entrepreneurial battle with India's corporate Goliaths.
8
Aditya Vikram Birla
The First Mogul of Globalisation
When MIT graduate Aditya Vikram Birla returned to India to be
a part of his grandfather G.D. Birla's sprawling empire in the 1960s,
he could have gone with the flow. But when it took Indian bureaucrats
11 years to clear a refinery project, Birla did not believe it worth
his while to work the licence raj. Instead, long before globalisation
became a buzzword, he spread outward, setting up a textile mill
in Thailand, later the world's largest palm oil refinery in Malaysia.
When he died in 1995 his group had 17 companies in 14 countries.
9
Dhirubhai Ambani
The Saga Of The New India
Truly an entrepreneur for the tumultuous, new India. Poor son
of Gujarat village school teacher reached Aden at age 17 and worked
as petrol station attendant. Mixing grand opportunism with extreme
guile, he clambered his way up, manipulating the licence raj to
his advantage. He created an equity cult by going to millions of
small investors when the big bankers refused him money. He adapted
as easily to liberalisation. At Rs 60,000 crore, there's quite simply
nothing larger than Reliance in India today.
10
N.R. Narayana Murthy
Messiah Of The New Middle Class
How many companies have 1,388 employees that are rupee millionaires
and 72 that are dollar millionaires, including drivers and peons?
Murthy's miracle is not just that he and seven professionals built
a tech powerhouse from Rs 10,000 as initial investment in 1981.
He did it with middle-class values-hard work, humility, honesty
and innovation-and inspired uncountable thousands on the good way
to make money. And as the thousands clamouring to get into Infosys
indicate, there is no better employer around.
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